Kempron
Contact
Menu

Reference

References.

Every figure on this site comes from one of the sources below. Kempron is not the author of any of them and claims no endorsement by any of them.

Where a source's scope is limited to one market, that is stated at the point of use as well as here. Currencies are the publisher's own.

North America

Canada And The United States

  1. CCC Intelligent Solutions. Crash Course 2026 Report: Complexity Compounds. Published 31 March 2026. United States data, in US dollars. Source of the figures on total loss frequency, calibrations, total cost of repair, parts and labour, supplements, bodily injury severity and vehicle fleet composition, and the vehicle for the ValuePenguin, ISS Fast Track, Swiss Re, Marathon Strategies, J.D. Power, Experian and Federal Reserve Bank of New York figures cited through it.
  2. Équité Association. 2025 Auto Theft Trend Report. Published 11 February 2026. Canadian data, in Canadian dollars. Source of the figures on auto theft claims value, theft volume change, recovery rates by region, vehicle finance fraud at the ports of Montreal and Halifax, and Équité's own description of its fraud risk scoring platform.
  3. Insurance Bureau of Canada. Ontario's Top 10 Costliest Cities for Auto Theft in 2025. Published 13 May 2026, using data provided by the General Insurance Statistical Agency. Source of the Ontario claims cost figures and the city-level figures for Toronto, Brampton and Mississauga.
  4. Insurance Bureau of Canada. Vigilance is key in fighting insurance fraud. Published 2021. Source of the estimate that insurance fraud costs Canadians well over $1 billion a year in added premiums, and of the categorisation of staged collisions and body shop and towing scams. The most recent public IBC estimate of that figure we have located; presented with its date because it is dated.
  5. Insurance Bureau of Canada. Statement on the passing of Alberta's Bill 47, the Automobile Insurance Act. Published 15 May 2025.
  6. S&P Global Mobility. US Vehicle Age Rises Again to 12.8 Years in 2025. Published 21 May 2025. United States data.
  7. TechForce Foundation. Technician Supply, Demand & Opportunity Report, 2026 edition. United States data. Source of the collision technician demand, completion, pipeline coverage and turnover figures.
  8. Enterprise Mobility. US Length of Rental, Q3 2025. United States data.
  9. Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (Canada). Guideline B-10, Third-Party Risk Management, effective 1 May 2024; Guideline B-13, Technology and Cyber Risk Management, effective 1 January 2024.
  10. National Association of Insurance Commissioners. Model Bulletin on the Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems by Insurers, adopted December 2023. State adoption counts as reported by Quarles & Brady and by Locke Lord's InsureReinsure in 2025, including Alaska as first adopter on 1 February 2024 and 24 states adopted as at August 2025. New York State Department of Financial Services Circular Letter No. 7 (2024) is cited separately in the text.

United Kingdom And Europe

UK, EU

  1. Association of British Insurers. £11.9 billion paid out in 2025 to support motorists across 2.5 million claims. Press release, 11 February 2026. United Kingdom data, in pounds sterling. Source of the 2025 motor payout total, the vehicle damage share, the Q4 and full-year average cost of cover, and the ABI's own attribution of cost to vehicle complexity and to longer repair times.
  2. Association of British Insurers. Fraudulent insurance claims continue to top £1 billion. Published November 2025. Source of the 2024 detected fraud value, claim counts and the motor share of detected fraud.
  3. Financial Conduct Authority. Policy Statement PS22/9, A new Consumer Duty, 2022. Source of the Consumer Duty implementation dates of 31 July 2023 for open products and 31 July 2024 for closed products.
  4. Bank of England, Prudential Regulation Authority and Financial Conduct Authority. Joint policy statement on operational resilience and critical third parties to the UK financial sector, published November 2024, with rules effective from 1 January 2025 and applying only where HM Treasury has made a designation order.
  5. Insurance Europe. Breaking boundaries: A European approach to countering insurance fraud. Opinion by Per Norstrom, Chair of the Insurance Crime Platform, published 5 December 2024. Source of the estimate that detected and undetected fraud together account for approximately 10% of total claims expenditure in Europe, and of the federation's stated position on GDPR and the EU AI Act as constraints on fraud detection.
  6. EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, in force 1 August 2024. Implementation timeline and Annex III classification as summarised by the Future of Life Institute's EU Artificial Intelligence Act resource, updated 31 August 2026 following the amendments adopted as part of the Digital Omnibus on AI.
  7. Digital Operational Resilience Act. Regulation (EU) 2022/2554, applying from 17 January 2025.

South Africa And Australia

ZA, AU

  1. South African Insurance Association. Strengthening Industry Resilience: SAIA Releases 2025 Vehicle Salvage Database Report. Published 20 March 2026. Source of SAIA's own characterisation of the South African motor risk environment, of cloning, accident staging and organised fraud as rising pressures, and of the quoted framing that "collaboration, data sharing, and early validation have become vital elements of effective risk management".
  2. South African Police Service. Quarterly crime statistics for October to December 2025, as reported by Business Day, 3 March 2026. Source of the 4,420 carjackings reported in the quarter, the 8.1% year-on-year decrease, the Gauteng figure of 2,544, and the reference to Statistics South Africa's Victim of Crime Survey indicating under-reporting. We rely here on secondary reporting of a primary statistical release and say so.
  3. National Financial Ombud Scheme South Africa. 2024 annual report data for the Non-Life Insurance Division, as reported by Moonstone Information Refinery, 26 June 2025. Source of the 1 March 2024 commencement, the 5,931 complaints carried over from the former Ombudsman for Short-Term Insurance, the 16.5% resolved ratio for 2024, the 20% to 30% international comparison, and the turnaround times of approximately 115 days against 177.
  4. Automobile Association of South Africa. Estimate that a substantial majority of vehicles on South African roads are uninsured, as reported by News24, 2021, and repeated in industry commentary since. We have not located a more recent authoritative measurement and present the figure as an established estimate rather than a current statistic.
  5. Insurance Council of Australia. Motor Insurance Policy Paper: A Roadmap for Reducing Rising Premiums, and the accompanying news release. Published 23 March 2025. Australian data, in Australian dollars. Source of the premium and claims cost changes, the repair, vehicle replacement, rental and credit hire figures, the 2023 motor fraud cost, the claims-to-premium ratio, and the workforce and towing and storage policy positions.
  6. Insurance Council of Australia. Consultation on the redrafted General Insurance Code of Practice, 2026. Cited as a draft, not as a rule in force.
  7. Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Information Sheet 253, Claims handling and settling: How to comply with your AFS licence obligations. Source of the requirement, from 1 January 2022, that persons providing claims handling and settling services hold an Australian Financial Services licence, following the Financial Sector Reform (Hayne Royal Commission Response) Act 2020.
  8. Australian Prudential Regulation Authority. Prudential Standard CPS 230 Operational Risk Management, in force 1 July 2025, with pre-existing service provider contracts in scope from the earlier of their next renewal or 1 July 2026.

Asia And The Middle East

JP, KR, SG, AE, SA

  1. Financial Supervisory Service (South Korea). Annual insurance fraud figures for 2025, as reported by Yonhap and Korea JoongAng Daily, 31 March 2026. Korean data, in Korean won. Source of the 1.16 trillion won paid on fraudulent claims in 2025, the 0.6% year-on-year increase, the 1.12 trillion won (2023) and 1.08 trillion won (2022) comparatives, and the figure of about 105,700 suspects, down 3%.
  2. Financial Supervisory Service and Financial Services Commission (South Korea). Fraud composition by product line and total fraud exposure, as reported by Insurance Business Asia and The Korea Times, 2026. Source of the 22.4% automobile share of detected fraud, the 44.7% long-term non-life share, and the Financial Services Commission estimate of roughly 9 trillion won of total exposure including undetected cases. Both figures are secondary reporting of the regulators rather than a primary release, and are presented as such.
  3. Financial Services Agency (Japan). Business improvement orders issued to Sompo Holdings and Sompo Japan Insurance following the Bigmotor claims matter, January 2024, as reported by Bloomberg Law and Insurance Business Asia. Source of the regulatory response and of the FSA's stated findings on insurer incentives.
  4. Insurance Business Asia. Reporting, 2024, on insurers identifying roughly 65,000 fraudulent claims at Bigmotor, about 30% of those reviewed.
  5. General Insurance Association of Singapore. Motor Claims Framework. Source of the requirement to report an accident to the insurer within 24 hours or by the next working day, its incorporation as a condition of motor policies, and the consequences of late reporting. The statutory third-party protection is from the Motor Vehicles (Third-Party Risks and Compensation) Act.
  6. Central Bank of the UAE Rulebook and the UAE Official Gazette. Federal Decree-Law No. 6 of 2025 regarding the Central Bank and the regulation of financial institutions, activities and insurance business: issued 8 September 2025, published 15 September 2025, repealing and replacing the 2018 Central Bank law and Federal Decree-Law No. 48 of 2023 on insurance activities, with a transitional period to 16 September 2026.
  7. Saudi Central Bank. Update to the Unified Compulsory Motor Insurance Policy, January 2023. Source of the amendment giving a third party the option to choose between direct cash compensation and repair of the damaged vehicle. Insurance supervision passed from the Saudi Central Bank to the Insurance Authority, which was established by Royal Decree in August 2023 and began operating on 23 November 2023.
  8. Najm for Insurance Services (Saudi Arabia). The company's description of its own role: founded 2007, attending and documenting accidents, assessing damage and apportioning fault on behalf of insurers, with the official report issued within 24 hours.

Method

Notes On How These Figures Are Used

  • Attribution at the point of use. Every numeric claim carries a named source and a year in the sentence or card that contains it.
  • Market labelling. Much of the repair-side data is United States-only, because no other market publishes at that granularity. Each such figure is labelled, as are Canadian, United Kingdom, South African and Australian figures, with their own currencies.
  • Secondary reporting is named. Where a news outlet or trade publication reports a primary source, both are named. This applies to the South African Police Service, National Financial Ombud Scheme, NAIC adoption, Japanese and South Korean figures.
  • Reproduced as published. Where a source writes percent in a place where percentage points appear to be meant, the source's own wording is reproduced.
  • Detected is not total. Every fraud figure in every market measures what was detected. Insurance Europe's estimate is the only one on this site that explicitly attempts to include undetected activity, and it is presented as an estimate.
  • Dated and estimated figures are marked. The 2021 Insurance Bureau of Canada fraud estimate and the South African uninsured-vehicle estimate are the two oldest items used here, and both are flagged wherever they appear.
  • Gaps. No South African motor claims cost figure and no current European aggregate motor claims figure appear; neither could be sourced to this standard.
  • These figures describe the industry. Kempron publishes no performance claims of its own.

Descriptions of laws, regulators and supervisory instruments on the regulator pages are summaries for orientation drawn from the instruments themselves and from the publications listed above. They are not legal advice. Corrections can be sent through the enquiry form.